Original research articles, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews were included in our investigation and relevant animal studies were also considered. This literature review provides an overview of the potential importance of nootropics, their types, use, dosage, and side effects. However, their long-term effects on healthy individuals are still unknown.
Most nootropics do not have an immediate effect after a single dose, and therefore long-term use is necessary to achieve the desired results. Nootropics tend to be well tolerated in patients with cognitive impairments the incidence of side effects is low, and those that do occur are usually mild. Their availability in synthetic form is somewhat limited and some preparations do require a valid prescription to obtain them. The vast majority of these substances are of natural origin, not subject to prescription, and can usually be easily obtained in the form of food supplements or herbal extracts. Although these substances are more effective in cases where cognitive functions are obviously impaired, they are of interest to healthy individuals because of their ability to increase intelligence and improve memory. This group of substances is known as the nootropics. There are compounds currently available on the market that promise various combinations of the benefits mentioned above. Lastly, specific recommendations regarding the use of nootropics by both ill and healthy individuals are summarized.Īt one time or another, everyone has dreamed of becoming more intelligent, learning more things in less time, thinking and reacting faster, and having a better memory. For the nootropic plant extracts, there is also a brief description of each plant representative, its occurrence, history, and chemical composition of the medicinal part. Each subgroup of nootropics contains several main representatives, and for each one, its uses, indications, experimental treatments, dosage, and possible side effects and contraindications are discussed. Based on their nature and their effects, this heterogeneous group of drugs has been divided into four subgroups: classical nootropic compounds, substances increasing brain metabolism, cholinergic, and plants and their extracts with nootropic effects. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the potential effectiveness and importance of nootropics. Nootropics, also known as “smart drugs” are a diverse group of medicinal substances whose action improves human thinking, learning, and memory, especially in cases where these functions are impaired.
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